Reproductive Disorders in Small Ruminants in India - Review

Reproductive efficiency is a critical determinant of productivity in small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats, which are integral to the livelihood of rural farmers in India. However, various reproductive disorders significantly impact fertility, kidding/lambing rates, and overall herd profitability. This review highlights the prevalence, etiology, clinical manifestations, and management of reproductive disorders in small ruminants across different regions of India. Common disorders include ovarian abnormalities (e.g., cysts, hypoplasia), uterine infections (endometritis, pyometra), anestrus, repeat breeding, dystocia, abortions, and post-partum complications. Infectious agents such as Brucella melitensis, Chlamydia, Campylobacter, and Toxoplasma gondii are major contributors to abortion and infertility, while noninfectious causes include nutritional deficiencies, environmental stress, anatomical defects, and poor herd management. Studies from abattoirs and field surveys indicate variable prevalence across states, with reproductive disorders reported in up to 25–30% of examined animals in some regions. The widespread impact of these disorders underscores the need for integrated control strategies, including disease surveillance, targeted vaccination, improved nutrition, timely diagnosis, and better reproductive management practices. Addressing these issues is essential for enhancing reproductive performance, improving farm incomes, and supporting sustainable small ruminant production in India.